Abstract

The development of wireless power transmission is quickly maturing. The technologies of near-field to far-field field wireless energy transfer are quickly finding their way into new developmental applications as well as a developing market within consumer electronics. This concept of transferring electricity without wires was originally developed by Nikola Tesla, and has helped the evolution of countless technologies come to life over a century or more. Some notable innovations include portable phones and wireless internet transmission. The adoption of this technology on a large scale does have a large buy-in price yet it could potentially provide a better means of power transmission and would create a large number of jobs, which could pay off in a long run. Additionally this adoption could create more reliable power grids that transfer power more efficiently from the source to device destination. This could also lead to the reduction in the need for disposable batteries which are extremely harmful to the environment. The adoption of this technology presents another hurdle due to the psychological and sociological aspects of human nature and the adoption of any new technology. Wireless power transmission seems to be a technology that can benefit humanity and its need for a reliable connection to power and it’s want for convenience in powering its electronic devices.

Wireless Electricity – An Introduction

There is little doubt that electricity is a cornerstone to the advancement in society and technology over the past century. The development, modernization, and rapid adoption of electronic devices have quickly created a global need for electric power.  This demand has only been heightened by the technology and consumer industries which have brought computers, mobile devices, home theater systems, appliances, and more to merely every home in the modernized world. Power cords and batteries have become a necessity so common that we often forget that they are there until one becomes unplugged or needs replacing.

As with many innovations in technology over time, tools are improved because of a need or as a way of convenience; and the delivery of electricity is no different. As a means of shedding the bounds of cords and disposable batteries, the development of wireless electricity allows the delivery of power without the need for traditional methods of power delivery.

Covered material for the investigation of wireless power will include the concepts and ideas behind the various forms of short distance and long distance wireless power transfer. It will include the standardization and regulation of such technologies, a brief overlook of the possibilities of applications, as well as the historical context of this technology. Additionally the possible changes and effects wireless power will have in the political and economic aspects of society. Lastly the humanity aspect of the new technology will be address. This will include the psychological, sociological, environmental, moral, and ethical considerations of wireless power technologies.

The findings of the overall analysis of wireless electricity reveal the complexity of this emerging technology: There are real benefits to this technology in the improvement of daily life, the environment, and the delivery of energy in both convenience and the remote locations it could be delivered to. However, with considerations of political and legal issues as well as health and safety concerns for the widespread use of this technology, it may need further development and regulation before it can become a thriving energy source for the masses.

Traditional Methods of Powering Devices – The Power Cord and Battery

Before we can address wireless electricity is we must first look at how we currently transfer electricity to our electronic devices. Traditionally we are used to the idea that electricity flows through power lines from a power plant, into our homes, through our walls, and into an electrical socket. We then plug one of the many different types of power cords we have for the assortment of devices we may own into this electrical socket where it ‘magically’ transfers power to our device or our device’s battery.  Provided we have an outlet near us, and we keep that cord plugging into the wall we should be providing power to our device. Yet, cords can become complicated quickly, often being limited with proprietary and geographical location constraints with different manufactures, voltage and amp requirements, and plug configurations throughout the world.

In the case that we do not have access to a power source from power lines, we have come up with a solution known as the battery. Batteries hold a charge and can be inserted into a device to power it without the need of a cord. These batteries can be either disposable or rechargeable. Disposable batteries are for one-time use and are typically thrown away in the garbage and contribute to nearly 179, 000 tons of batteries thrown away each year in the United States into landfills (Oregon Metro, 2010) which heavily damage the environment. Rechargeable batteries on the other hand are multi-use meaning they can be energized over and over for use in a variety of devices that gives us the freedom of mobility away from cords. Yet, when it comes time to revitalize rechargeable batteries it again confines us to the need of a power cord.

Wireless Electricity

Now that we have a grasp of what the traditional ways we receive power for devices are, we can start to look at the idea of wireless electricity. Wireless electricity in its most basic of definitions is the transfer of electricity between a device and its power source without the use of a cord or any other conductive material; hence the term wireless electricity. Rather than the flow of electricity going through a cord as we are used to, the flow of electricity is transferred through a magnetic field which is produced by an electric current and used to power devices independent of any wired connections. The two main focuses for the consumer markets right now are magnetic induction and resonant magnetic coupling; both of which are considered near-field resonant technologies and viable mid-range wireless power transferring technology (Imura, 2009).

The transmission of wireless power over great distances is not efficient through the near-field or mid-field wireless power technologies like induction or resonant coupling. Therefore it is currently not a viable option within magnetic field energy transfer. For long distance (far-field) wireless power transfer we would rely on microwave power transmission and laser power transmission.

Before we discuss applications of wireless technologies and the various health, safety, and regulatory entities we will look at each form of wireless power transmission technology in more detail:

Magnetic Induction

Magnetic induction is the result of a conductor moving through a magnetic field which causes an electric current, or the movement of electrons, in that conductor. To further explain this phenomenon we can look at Faraday’s Law which says that by changing a current in one conductive coil to create an electromotive force, we can induce a current in another conductive coil (Kaur, 2012). This transfer of energy from one coil to another is the basic premise of induction. Keep in mind that these conductive coils do not have to be in direct physical contact for the energy to transfer from one coil to the other. From this we can start to see the basis by which wireless power transfer over a distance is made possible.

Typically magnetic induction is done through relatively close proximity from coil to coil. Yet, induction can transfer energy with over 90% efficiency when the gaps in the distance between coils are within a few centimeters (Imura, 2011). With a rather small tolerance given for the distance between coils, magnetic induction is best suited for applications where devices are able to be put down onto or next to surfaces that contain induction coils while they are being powered or recharged. Examples of such technology that can be seen on a consumer basis in homes and stores today are inductive cooktops in kitchens and power-mats for charging small electronics like cameras and cellphones while they rest within the bounds of the inductive surface.

Resonant Magnetic Coupling

Though magnetic induction provides freedom from cords to power devices, it still constrains devices to being within a very close proximity to an inductive power source. Inductive power mats and the like are great innovations. Yet, it would be fairly amazing, if not like something out of a science fiction novel, to be able to charge a mobile device in one’s pocket while in your home; or to be able to move a lit lamp from one area of the home to another without the need of a battery or a cord. Amazingly this type of technology is in the early stages of development through the use of resonant magnetic coupling.

Resonant magnetic coupling relies on conductive “sender” and “receiver” coils which resonate at the same frequency to send and receive power.  Expanding this idea, two things need to happen for this transfer of power at a distance. First, the coils used need to couple magnetically by the exchanging energy through oscillating magnetic fields. This is fundamentally the same process as induction where the generation of an electromagnetic field from the sender coil transfers energy through a magnetic field to a receiver coil. The only difference is the transfer of energy is happening at a greater distance and with more control. The second portion of transferring power over a distance is the interacting “sender” and “receiver” coils need to reach a resonant coupling which occurs when the two coils resonate (vibrate) at roughly the same natural frequencies (Kaur, 2012).

When these two criteria are met the “two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency exchange energy efficiently” (Kurs, Karalis, Moffatt, Joannopoulos, Fisher & Soljacic, 2007). This allows the transmission of power through magnetic fields from a sender coil to the receiver coil at greater distances than magnetic induction allows for. Currently this technology is limited to an air gap separation of roughly 1 meter with 90% energy transfer efficiency and 2 meters with about 45-50% energy transfer efficiency (Imura & Hori, 2011). Although these distances will likely to increase to 4-6 meters with new iterations of current technology within the next few years (Kirkpatrick, 2014).

Regardless of its current limitations, the technology is in existence and may soon lead to a society that charges its devices without the need for the traditional power cord while on the go. In fact this technology has already been show on display by Eric Giler, a wireless electrical engineer and the CEO of WiTricity; a company that is on the leading edge of wireless power transmission. Giler displayed these new technological marvels by showing the wireless power transmission from a magnetic resonance sender coil to several consumer cell phones, and perhaps more impressively, a consumer-grade flat screen television. These devices where fitted with receiver coils and where fully powered without the use of any wired power input at the distance of a little over a meter (Giler, 2009).

Microwave Power Transmission

The limits of near-field and mid-field wireless power transmission are relatively short when looking outside of the scope of several meters from a wired power source. In order to extend that distance we have to look to other forms of electromagnetic radiation. One viable option is the use of microwave radiation.

Microwave power transmission is a rather efficient form of wireless power for use over great distances. The system operates by a power source connected to a microwave transmitting device which emits electromagnetic radiation at roughly 2.45 GHz through a transmitting parabolic dish antenna or a slotted waveguide antenna. These microwaves are then received with around 90% efficiency by a “rectenna,” or receiving antenna, which is then converted to power via a rectifying circuit and an electronic filter to product a steady current (Reddy, Hemanth, & Mohan, 2013). Simply put, microwaves are generated, transmitted, received, and converted to useable power at a distance that far exceeds near and mid-field techniques.

There are both advantages and potential disadvantages to microwave power transmission. The main advantage is its ability to send power wirelessly over long distances which could potentially reduce or eliminate the need for power lines. This could help less developed power systems worldwide like that of several city infrastructures in India which can create power transmission inefficiency of over 40% (Reddy, Hemanth, & Mohan, 2013). Additionally, this technology would allow the transfer of power to remote locations that would otherwise be too costly to reach. Several downsides to this technology are the possible interference with other technologies which currently use microwaves, such as current communication systems and television broadcasting as an example. Other implications may include hazards to health. Yet, several studies have shown this technology emits the same or less radiation “than the dose received while opening the microwave oven door (Reddy, Hemanth, & Mohan, 2013). Lastly, this type of technology is a beaming technology which means the sender dish would have to be pointed directly at the receiver antenna in order to function. This line-of site constraint could inhibit its effectiveness and adoption in some locations.

Laser Power Transmission

            Another option for the transmission of power over a large distance is through laser energy transmission. This technology is very similar to microwave power transmission in that it has the same general components. There is a power source which converts power into directional (pointed) electromagnetic radiation, which is absorbed by a receiver, and then converted into a useable form of power.

The main difference in laser power transmission from microwave power transmission is the wavelengths that are used. Laser Power transmission uses waves of energy which are in the generalized range of 0.5 to 10 nanometers depending on the application. These wave lengths are right around the visible and infrared frequency spectrums. This type of technology also requires a line of site between transmitters and receivers and can require complicated tracking technology to maintain a steady line of site connection (Summerer & Purcell, 2009). This technology is mainly focused on the concept of harvesting energy in space through large solar panels and beaming the energy to earth as a green energy source. Yet, this technology is still in its early stages of development.

Standardization of Technology

With a growing number of companies producing wirelessly powered devices from cell phones to refrigerators and cars, there needs to be a set of standardized specifications for these devices. Additionally there needs to a publically recognized label that shows that a particular device has been test and certified by an independently owned testing lab. For the wireless power industry there are two entities which currently offer wireless power standards. The two standards are Qi, pronounces “chee,” through the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) and Rezence through the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP.)

Both of these companies have set up their technical specification certification standards which would allow for any device that is adorned with their respective branding certification logo to be powered regardless of their manufacturer. This would allow for a global wireless ecosystem which would capitalize on “ubiquitous power based on non-radiative, near-field magnetic resonance wireless power technology (PR, 2013).” The certification of wireless powered devices will also help maintain and develop standards that are deemed safe from a medical standpoint for individuals and the environment.

The only potential problem with this may be that a market split to accommodate two separate and proprietary certification and technical standards. Because of this users may have to choose a wireless power system to use throughout all of their devices for convenience sake. This might develop into a marketplace that closely resembles that of the Microsoft versus Apple lifestyles of the current computer world; making it more convenient to operate on the same wireless power platform across all of your power needs. This could limit and may limit the user to available products for their systems. However this competition could also yield better standards for future technologies.

A Vision of the Future in Wireless Electricity

Eric Giler in a presentation at Oxford’s Technology, Entertainment, and Design conference (TED) stated the following:

“There is something like 40 billion disposable batteries built every year for power that, generally speaking, is used within a few inches or feet of where there is very inexpensive power.” He went on to say that “Trillions of dollars, had also been invested building an infrastructure of wires “to get power from where it is created to where it is used” (Giler, 2009).

The quotation above by Giler captures the general irony in our need for power, specifically in mobile or handheld applications that revolve around batteries. Often times for the sake of convenience we rely on a disposable battery to power a device that is within close proximity to a wired power source. Convenience is a big part of human nature and has spurred the creation of many new forms of technology through the development of new tools. Wireless power transmission could potentially be a new tool of society that greatly increases convenience and practicality in the powering devices across a countless number of applications that goes beyond battery operated devices.

Wireless power offers many practical applications in all areas of life. Plugging in cellphones, tablets, laptops, and other battery dependent devices would be a thing of the past. Cordless drills and tools could reach the same performance levels as their corded counterparts. Houses could be cleared of cords that clutter floors and walls. Transportation could be revolutionized with electric cars that automatically charge when they are pulled into a garage or parking spot. Planes could be run of a constant feed of power via far-field wireless power technologies. Remote locations could receive steady sources of reliable power. Green solar energy could be transmitted from space to replace energy that comes from fossil fuels. The possibilities are endless with this quickly growing and advancing technology.

Though there are many exciting future applications of wireless power technology, it did not just sprout up over-night. In fact, the idea of wireless electricity has been around for more than a century. Only now is it being developed.

Historical Development of Wireless Electricity

            Wireless electricity is the process that takes place in any system where electromagnetic energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires (New Energy System Trust, 2013). Wireless electricity started back in the 1890’s and has continued to grow since.  A man named Nikola Tesla is who first came up with it and as time went by went on improving it as well.  “He improved the Hertz wave wireless transmitter RF power supply” (Sahoo, 2014).  The way in which wireless electricity has changed is that it has helped with cordless phones, wireless Internet, even hybrid/electrical cars and portable computers.  The historical development keeps changing and making everything more adaptable, to think that none of this wouldn’t of been if it wouldn’t have been for Nikola Tesla and all research and time that he put into it (Institute of Physics ) (Lee & Lin, 2014) (Halawen, 2013).

The way in which wireless electricity may make it easier for a hybrid/electrical car to be able to just pull into a parking spot and the car will just start to charge automatically, without one having to connect to cable to the car so that it can charge (Institute of Physics ).  The hybrid/electrical cars would be able would be a good way to help reduce the use the amount of batteries used ( (New Energy System Trust, 2013).  The way in which taking cords away will be beneficiary is by the way in which there will not be as many cords visible that one would want to try and hid them so others will not see all the cords.  Also, it will help get rid of the tangles as well as the clutters, this will help reduce down and not have to worry about extension cords or even if there is enough outlets to be able to plug in all appliances that need to be used.

Cordless makes transportation easier as well as more convenient even though it may not always mean that the life of the device is long, the length the battery lasts without having to be charged.  Electrical toothbrushes are something newer compared to the ones that are battery operated the electrical ones have a charging port and one doesn’t have to worry about changing the battery once it dies.  Some people prefer to use the electrical toothbrushes compared to regular toothbrushes, they feel as though they get a better clean from the electrical toothbrushes then the regular toothbrushes.

Another new wireless device is the charging mat, which requires no cords to be able to charge your electronic devices.  What the wireless mats do is allow you to charge any of your electrical devices, for example cell phones, and tablet, without having to connect the device to its charger, one can just place the device on the mat and it will charge the device and the best thing is that it can charge more than one device at once.  The great thing about the charging device is that it is portable and one can take it wherever needed.

There is a new way of one being able to take ones devices with them wherever one goes, for example, cellphones, MP3 players, and video games.  Phones used to be brick like and they were a bit uncomfortable to carry around or even just to put it in ones pockets, since they were bulky and heavy, that not many people liked the idea of carrying them along even though it was necessary.  Now phones are smaller as well as light weight that makes it so that one at times cannot feel that they have the phone in their pockets or with them at all, that is how light and non-bulky they have become.  Another thing that is convenient about these newer smaller, light weight cellphones is that unlike the brick phones didn’t have is that they have wireless internet and can browse the web or keep in touch on social media whenever one pleases.  MP3 players used to be only used for Cd’s now they are used for so much more, for example one can put all their music on it as well as download games onto it.  Before one had trouble putting it into their pockets and worried about their cd’s getting scratched, now they fit into ones pockets with ease and they don’t have to worry about it not fitting into their pockets, since they fit with ease into ones pockets and they are small so they take up less space.  Video games started out as just being used on televisions and now they are hand held devices.  With the video games now being wireless it makes it easier to play games on the go and even easy to play them wherever one goes, that goes to show how convenient they have become, compared to having to connect them to the television, there are still some video game systems that connect to the television but they now have wireless controllers to avoid all the extra wires.

The new of having laptops instead of using a desktop computer, the convenience of being able to take ones laptop along to wherever it may need to, whether it be to be used for work or in some cases for schooling, it is convenient to be able to take it along where needed.  Laptops are wireless and bulk free unlike the home computers which are big and has three to four different parts and not to mention all the cords that one has to make sure are connected so that the computer functions, this makes it a bit difficult to carry around a desktop computer unlike a laptop which doesn’t have as many parts and if one fully charges the computer then one has hours on the computer before having to charge it which makes it easier and more efficient being wireless.  Also, most laptops adapt to the wireless internet as long as there is internet around to use, which is another thing that makes everything easier and not having to connect the internet cord to the laptop to be able to have internet. Computers as well as laptops are becoming smaller and lighter but desktops are still big and are not as portable as laptops even though they pose the same purpose of use.

The historical development has changed and continues to change as time goes by, there have been many changes since it first started and will most likely continue to expand more and more as time goes on. It is amazing how much it has changed even more in the future what may be to come. Since the adaption of wireless electricity to everyday devices there is so much more to expect for the future if so much has changed from the past, how things used to be.

Context of Technology

            Technology is something worldwide and the newest technology that has changed a lot since when the first cellphones starting coming out.  The first source of a cell phone technology was when the phones where in the car, they were called radiotelephones, back in 1876 (Bhatti & Mohiuddin, 2014).  Now we have hand held cell phones, which people are using constantly there, have definitely been some new changes between then and now and it definitely shows.  The new technologies that are currently developing or will be developed over the next 5 to 10 years have future ahead that many people are waiting to see especially with everyday use devices (Halawen, 2013).  Cell phones, and phones in general have changed and are used in everyday use and it is a need more than a necessity now a days.

Offices use regular desk phones, they are needed for conference calls, business calls, as well as everyday communication between one another.  The regular desk phones have changed from how they were before rotary dial phones and now it is rare to find them now we have office phones that have 5 hold/waiting buttons as well as speed dial as well.  Before the newer phones came out the didn’t have call waiting and once they started with the call waiting, since no one likes to listen to the busy noise, then that is when the phones started to develop and are still developing.

Households are a place where almost everyone has a phone in their home that can be used for emergencies, appointment reminders, when schools need to get ahold of the parent, also as another office use.  Many homes have in home offices so when they don’t make it to work they at least can keep on working without having to go all the way to their offices.  Works great when one has to call out sick or it is late but still need to work in the office.  The house phones can be used in case there is an emergency and one doesn’t have a cellphone or as an easier way to be located, an example would be calling 911 when something is happening within one’s home.  Also, a lot of homes use it as when ones children are at school it is a way for the school to get a hold of the parent if the child get sick or if some type of emergency happened at school and the parents needed to be notified.  Having a home phone is a good idea as well since one never knows when it will be needed and doesn’t have ones cell phones with them.

Everywhere worldwide phones are used whether it is home phones or cell phones.  The technologies for cell phones are growing and newer model of cell phones are coming out almost every month, they have become a necessity for everyday use.  Cell phones have become convenient for when people are out and about and need to get a hold of someone also if there is some sort of accident or emergency one can use a cell phone to get in touch with whoever it may be that can be of assistance.  They also make traveling easier to since the cellphones that have the newer technologies also have GPS and some even have voice instructions to let you know where you have to turn and go so that one doesn’t get lost.  Cell phones make communicating with long distance relatives easier since one can send text messages and even call them while on the go.

Technology has grown so much since 1983 when the first phones came out that if you but the cell phones next to the first cell phones that were made some of them wouldn’t be visible since the first cell phones that came out where so thick and bulky compared to the thin and light weight phones we have today (Bhatti & Mohiuddin, 2014).  Technology is growing and will continue to grow especially with all the new ideas and wants that is what makes the technology grow and develop faster.  With the growth and change that happened since the 1980’s there is only so much more that one can expect for the future to come.

Political and Legal Influences

            President Obama is believed to have brought in Wireless Electricity in technology for campaigns and further politics when he announced that he would announce the Vice President nominations via SMS (text messaging). Around this time, Text-messaging skyrocketed as people were sending text messages to friends and families expressing their thoughts and concerns about who the vice president would be or even their thoughts and concerns about President Obama becoming elected as president of the United States. By doing this, (announcing the vice presidency through SMS), Obama has added the usage of technology for any future campaigns. Technologies such as e911 have been adopted and robotics for war zones. E911 stands for Enhanced 911 services. This allows you to use a cell phone that is deactivated to call 911 even in an emergency situation.  Facebook and Twitter are now used as well by political figures which have made these sites more popular (TMCnet, 2014).

Some of the legal standings that have risen with wireless technology is the usage of texting, has now brought in a new form of a crime. Sexting and riding that fine line, if a teenager is distributing sexual images of her to her boyfriend that is the same age, he could get in trouble for position of Child porn and she could get in trouble for distributing it. This is a major legal issue that has arisen; this is one thing that is also on every parents mind nowadays when they get their child a cell phone. It is much easier for a predator to use a program such as Kik friend finder to find unsuspecting 9 and 10 year olds. Pretend to be around their age so they can gain the trust of the child to get the child alone at some point.

In some cases, robberies have went down because people know where the cameras are and no whether it is safe or not. You can walk through your local Walmart and spot where the cameras are. They are practically in every aisle. This is supposed to help ward off shop lifters to prevent the store from losing an item they could have otherwise made money from. In a personal experience of mine, I went to Walmart once before they implemented putting cigarettes behind the aisle and cameras in every aisle, I went to buy a specific CD and they only had one left, picking it up I realized it was open. I took the CD to the manager and explained I found it like this. The manager checked the camera and noticed I was telling the truth and offered me a free CD and some soda in exchange for bringing it to their attention. They may have lost money but in the end, honesty paid off. It was soon after that I noticed that Walmart had a camera in every aisle that could see different angles. It wasn’t like that before.

Economic Considerations

            Economics is very important because everything costs money.  Money is a very important factor in regards to any investment.  When it comes to large investments that could change the world or if it affects a large mass amount of people it could potentially change the entire economic outlook.  Looking at the current economic conditions and implications can give you a good look on the benefits of that investment.  On the flip side to that it will also be able to identify some of the risks associated with the investment. The American Economic Association defines economics as the study of how people choose to use resources (Aeaweb.org, 2014).  That is what this section will cover.  This section will cover the study and outlook of the resource wireless electricity in terms of money, consumption, and production.  This section will look at the pros and cons of wireless power, social and economic changes, and lastly the overall economic outlook for wireless electricity.

The economic conditions we will cover first begin with the pros and cons of wireless power.  Electricity has been around for a very long time. In fact electricity can be traced all the way back to the 1600’s when William Gilbert came up with the term electricity.  The more notable figures in regards to electricity are Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison.  Our current electricity system however comes from the mind and work of Nikola Tesla, who invented and brought us alternating current and the ability to carry electricity over long distances (Eia.gov, 2014).  One has to understand how our current electricity came to light, and how it affected our lives in order to truly understand how wireless electricity will affect those changes.  Electricity as we know it today was in its infancy back in the 1800’s.  This is also a time that is very interesting as an enormous time period took place at this time.  The infancy of present day electric was taking place during the Industrial Revolution.  The Industrial Revolution was a booming time period. New inventions were being created along with new theories, methods, and technologies. It is very interesting that we can look back at the history of modern day electric because we as a society are in a new revolution.  Could the next revolution also bring a new piece, the next advancement of electricity?  If we use the past as any judgment, it would mean that the next step with electricity could bring massive changes to the economic world. What kinds of changes you may ask?  We will dive into that in a little bit but I want to first discuss the benefits and disadvantages to the economy with respect to this new type of electric power.

The first benefit of wireless power is also the largest benefit, which is reducing and or eliminating the use of batteries.  It is no secret that batteries and the contents within the battery are extremely harmful to humans and the environment.  Wireless electricity would improve the overall environment by not relying on, manufacturing, and using these products in order for electric to work.  The second largest benefit of using this type of technology is the ability to “unplug” all of your home appliances and devices. Imagine to never having to plug in your television set or coffee maker.  These are all prime examples of how wireless electricity could change the way we live just by using simple everyday items in our homes.  Having a wireless power grid will also grant the ability to provide energy and power to those who currently don’t have power or can’t receive power using the current methods.  There are other benefits to switching to a more futuristic power grid and that is environmental and of course economical.

The past few decades, the government has been trying to restructure the U.S. power grid system.  The U.S. government has been researching and investing in other forms of energy and power for quite some time.  In an article for the Journal of Economic Perspectives Paul Joskow explains that the present electric power grid was not designed for the future use of electric power consumption.  Paul goes on to say that renewable energy technologies may not be able to be supported in the future with the current power grid we have established and that we currently operate on (Joskow, 2012).  The benefit of restructuring the entire power grid for the U.S. would also mean that they could make arrangements and tailor these updates for the wireless electricity technologies.  For example, let’s use electric vehicles for example.  The past few years have been very exciting for the electric vehicle market with the Tesla models coming off of the production line.  If we as a country eventually have all electric vehicles, we would need a power grid sufficient enough to deliver the power and energy needed for those vehicles.  Using the power grid of today will not be able to do this. If the U.S. had a power grid that was updated enough to with stand some of these technologies such as a wireless power grid, or a power grid that included wireless technologies that would allow other energy technologies to be supported as well.  Staying on the power grid subject, it would also benefit higher power consumption.  Do you ever notice that during a heat wave in the summer the power may go out?  What about in the winter when the temperatures drop to bone chilling temperatures?  The power/voltage needs are pushed higher which in turn means higher power costs for consumers.  A revamped power grid will have an effect on this and it may save consumers money on their energy bills; as a more efficient system would be able to pump and deliver energy faster than the conventional methods that we currently use.  This would mean that the power grid is working less in order to provide power; this in turn could bring down energy costs.  Lastly one of the added benefits of wireless power is the fact that it isn’t anything new.  Nikola Tesla, who can be referred to as the “Father of wireless”, first came up with the thoughts and ideas of wireless energy transmission in the 1890s (Pawade, Nimje, & Diwase, 2012).   Now let’s move on to the risks associated with wireless power.  The largest risk is always a factor in this country, money.  It will take an enormous amount of money to completely revamp and change the entire energy grid.  The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided 4.5 billion dollars in funding for smart grid upgrades and technology projects (Joskow, 2012).  It may in fact cost less money if the U.S. decided to upgrade the local systems, as it would cost less money upgraded a city versus an entire country power grid.  The U.S. Department of Energy has already supported approximately 70 local power system network projects.  These projects will improve or eliminate power outages, eliminate the use of meters, improve the overall quality of the power among many other benefits (Joskow, 2012).  Of course another risk factor that will have to be considered is the effectiveness of newer systems technologies for wireless power.  Will this really make our society better?  The change to such a system will more than likely be complex and also be drawn out as well.  The government agencies will need to work together as a team in order to provide the most organized way of transferring such a system that depends on most of our everyday way of life.  Will newer systems have “kinks” that will disrupt current power?  These are all relevant questions to ask when determining a decision that affects so many people in so many different ways.  Will I be able to heat my home efficiently?  The main risk seems to be the financial portion of this.  Our current energy system is not designed for the future.

When electric came into mass effect and everybody started using electricity, it slowly started to change the way the world worked.  Eventually it changed everything around us.  Can you imagine going through your day without using electric at all?  You can’t use it at your home, your place of work, or for recreation.  It is quite difficult for people to imagine life with out their smart phone let alone electric.  The fact is that the “wireless” era has changed the environment around us.  In a recent report for the International Telecommunication Union, Dr. Raul Katz concludes, “broadband does contribute to employment growth, both as a result of network construction programmes and following spill-over impacts on the rest of the economy.  While the deployment programmes are, as expected concentrated in the construction and telecommunications sectors, the impact of externalities are greater in sectors with high transaction costs (financial services, education, and health care)” (Katz, 2012).  To simplify it, if we look at how the wireless broadband/telecommunications sector has transformed so many different industries, then we can get an idea as to how broad and large the effects of wireless power would become across the world.  Wireless technologies do in fact stimulate the economy, they create a plethora of new job opportunities, and it also creates many new subsets of industries.  Will wireless power be able to do this?  That answer has yet to be determined however one thing is certain; wireless technologies have changed the world we live in so why not change how we provide and deliver power?  The wireless era has brought on so many cultures and industries closer together because of the wireless technology.  Lastly, the need for batteries for products would become obsolete.  Batteries aren’t healthy for the environment especially if they get disposed of improperly.  Having an energy system in place to replace the need for batteries would help improve the environment.

The overall outlook for wireless power seems to be a positive one.  The fact that the technology already exists, and it has existed for some time makes a big difference.  It is very difficult to predict on a future outcome if you don’t know if the outcome will exist yet later on in the future.  Looking at wireless power strictly from an economic analysis standpoint, the largest risk associated with this is going to be the financial burden it will take in order to completely over haul an entire energy providing system.  The second largest risk will have to be the “how” this process gets implemented.  This system will require a complex plan that must be executed flawlessly or with minimal mistakes.  Every new plan will have breakdowns; however, having an entire energy system breakdown for a long period of time will be detrimental.  With those two risk factors out of the way, the wireless power concept has tremendous upside potential for the economy. If the U.S. could take the proper steps in getting a system up and running for our country, it could start to do it in other areas of the world that don’t have electricity.  That could prove to be extremely profitable for our government.  The local impacts of having a wireless power system would mean greater energy consumption more efficiently.  Of course, one of the better benefits of wireless power is the “wireless” portion.  No more cords, no more power lines, no more telephone poles.  This would also stimulate the manufacturing and product industry as well.  With wireless power, product companies would strictly make products specifically for wireless power.

In conclusion, the wireless era has made many splashes in many different industries.  Could wireless power be the next industry that leaps onto the wireless train? Even though the idea of wireless power has been around for some time, we as a society still have not implemented it.  Maybe the time is now since many other industries are going wireless.  The benefits of wireless electricity include living in a world free of cords, plugs, and batteries.  The local power system would be able to operate at a higher level eliminating power outages.  The overall cost of energy would be reduced because peak energy output would not be a problem since the flow of energy distribution would be different.  The risks associated with the wireless power system is the financial burden it would cost to over haul such a system that is an integral part of our everyday way of life.  Another risk of the wireless system is it may not operate properly or at its optimal performance level.  The economic outlook for such a system as a wireless power system has extreme upside potential, as it would change a lot how we use, consume, and deliver energy.  A wireless system would also better prepare us for the future with future technologies that may not be supported utilizing our current power grid system.

Psychological Considerations

There are many sources of energy that are renewable and provide and alternate “cleaner” source of energy that also help to prevent certain forms of pollution. Some examples of clean renewable energy are the Wind Power, Geothermal Power, Solar Power, Biomass Power, and Hydro power. All of these forms of cleaner energy are accepted, however some of them are expensive like geothermal systems; the Hydro power is a great source of power and if you want to produce your own electricity you need to have the water rights and inclination. Of all these sources the most powerful and renewable source is the sun, is clean and you will never run out, however is very expensive.

When it comes to certain technologies, individuals can thus base their acceptance on (1) the overall evaluation of costs, risks and benefits, (2) moral evaluations, depending on the extent to which the technology has a more positive or negative effect on the environment or society and (3) on positive or negative feelings related to the technology, such as feelings of satisfaction, joy, fear or anger (Huijts, Molin, & Steg, 2011). The acceptance of the new technologies depends on trust, trust on the individuals responsible for the technology, because trust have a mayor influence in the citizen’s by knowing the risks and benefits of the new technology such as hydropower, nuclear power, etc. Knowledge is another way to reject or accept a new technology. The more information about how the new technology works; the effects, risks and benefits the more acceptance is expected. Knowledge has direct and indirect effects on acceptance of new technologies.

Wireless power transmission has been the dream of many people, and technology today is making it possible. Today the United States, with less than 5% of the world’s population, consumes one quarter of the world’s energy production (Nansen, 1995). We are looking into a future that has a growing world demand for energy. We need to find a new energy source that will allow us to regain control over our destiny and move us into the fourth era of energy. However, there are several reasons for the rejection of solar power satellites, the one energy source that could meet the criteria of clean, non-depletable and available for everyone. The first reason is that is a high-technology space concept which is not the image that people have about an energy source. Second, they considered that the system is only cost effective if the satellites are huge, with outputs over 1,000 megawatts each, which mean that the initial development bill will be very high.

The third reason, the opposition of the current electric companies. They do not want to see a competitive source developed because it will eventually put them out of business. And the last but not least of the reasons is from our population, this last reason has been an effective obstacle of progress to date. A small segment of the scientific community sees solar power satellites as a high-technology engineering venture that will disrupt scientific investigation by drawing interest and funding away from scientific programs. These scientists often hold prestigious positions in the scientific community and in government, and their opinions can influence many people, particularly politicians. Some have made uninformed dogmatic statements about solar power satellites, such as “it is impossible to build anything that big in space” or “the cost will be a hundred times higher than estimated.” They follow in the footsteps of those who said “man will never fly.” Engineers, on the other hand, focus on the physical application of scientific principles. Ideally, science and engineering work in concert to produce new benefits to mankind, but regrettably this doesn’t always happen.

The solar power satellites could be a challenge to electric companies. First because it will offer a lower cost over the long term, even though since is based in the space can be very expensive. The cost estimates established from the preliminary designs developed by the NASA study contractors in the late 1970s, the cost of power would be less than the cost of electricity generated by coal, oil, or nuclear power. Second, because is very clear that the energy source is non-depletable because is available for as long as the sun shines and for as long as man exists. The amount of energy that can be gathered and delivered to earth is primarily a function of how much we want, and only the usable energy is delivered to the earth. Another reason is that solar power satellites will produce cleaner energy compared to coal, oil, natural gas and synthetic fuels that produce atmospheric pollutants (Nansen, 1995).

Another challenge the electric companies will face is the fact that solar power satellites will make electricity available for everyone; it is the form of energy needed to clean up the earth’s environment, non-depletable, with vast capacity, with capability to develop. This mean eliminating smog, high carbon monoxide levels, high carbon dioxide levels, acid rains, and the industrial haze that covers some of our states like Idaho, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Nebraska for example (Yeatman, 2012).

Solar energy systems have very limit impact on the environment, making them one of the cleanest power-generating technologies available today. While they are converting the sun’s rays into electricity or hot fluids, they produce no air pollution, hazardous waste, or noise. The more electricity and heat that we convert from the sun’s rays decreases our reliance and dependence on fossil fuels and on imported sources of energy, also solar energy can be an effective economic development driver. In 2006, President George W. Bush proposed the Solar America Initiative to accelerate widespread commercialization of solar energy technologies. It is estimated that by 2015 the Initiative will result in deploying 5-10 GW of PV (enough to power 1-2 million homes), avoiding 10 million metric tons of annual CO2 emissions, and employing 30,000 new workers in the PV industry (States Advancing Solar, 2014). The electricity generated by your solar power system is clean, renewable and reliable. It will help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases; a major contributor to global climate change. A growing solar industry provides local jobs and economic development opportunities for states and regions. “Solar panels are easy to install and does not require any wires, cords or power sources. Unlike wind and geothermal power stations which require them to be tied with drilling machines, solar panels does not require them and can be installed on the rooftops which means no new space is needed and each home or business user can generate their own electricity. Moreover, they can be installed in distributed fashion which means no large scale installations are needed” (Conserve Energy Future, 2014).

On the other hand, Wind energy can be very efficient. In places like the Midwest and along coasts, steady winds can provide cheap, reliable electricity. Another great advantage of wind power is that it is a “clean” form of energy. Wind turbines do not burn fuel or emit any pollutants into the air. An advantage of geothermal energy is that it is clean. It does not require any fuel or emit any harmful pollutants into the air. A disadvantage of using geothermal energy is that in areas of the world where there is only dry heat underground, large quantities of freshwater are used to make steam. People need water for drinking, cooking, and bathing. A major advantage of biomass energy is that can be stored and used when is needed, however growing crops for biofuels, requires large amounts of land and pesticides. Land could be used for food instead of biofuels. Some pesticides could pollute the air and water. The initial cost of purchasing solar panels is the only cost, but is the first disadvantage, because of the new emerging technologies have increase the rate of efficiency of solar panels from 40 to 80% and on the downside have increased the cost of solar panels as well. The location of solar panels is of major importance in the generation of electricity. If the buildings or houses are covered by trees, landscapes or other buildings it may not produce enough solar power, as well in areas were remains mostly cloudy and foggy. It may be necessary to buy solar batteries to store excess power which can be later utilized, especially at night. Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source of power. Hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing water, it is fairly inexpensive to harness. However, hydroelectric power plants are damaging to the environment. People who live in the town or village must move to a new area. Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, and solar collectors need clear skies and sunshine to collect heat and make electricity. When these resources are unavailable so is the capacity to make energy from them. This can be unpredictable and inconsistent.

Sociological Effects

We all now live a wireless digital technological age. Chronic exposure to electromagnetic radiation from voluntary personal use, involuntary exposure to terrestrial antennas, towers, satellites and military applications are increasing on the planet. Though there is little research in wireless electricity, there is no strong evidence to suggest that it poses a risk to health. However, switching to renewable energy has tremendous potential to lower pollution levels and save lives. It is our obligation to our loved ones, our neighbors and the generations to come. Clean energy initiatives can avoid the adverse health effects s that would have otherwise occurred, including approximating reductions of respiratory disorders, like asthma and bronchitis. The National Health and Medical Research Council have found there is no reliable or consistent evidence that wind farms are directly responsible for negative health effects in humans. Wind, solar, and hydroelectric systems generate electricity with no associated air pollution emissions. While geothermal and biomass energy systems emit some air pollutants, total air emissions are generally much lower than those of coal- and natural gas-fired power plants.  Many “green” technologies are not safe for people who are chemically or electrically sensitive.

Financially compared with fossil fuel technologies, which are typically mechanized and capital intensive, the renewable energy industry is more labor-intensive. This means that, on average, more jobs are created for each unit of electricity generated from renewable sources than from fossil fuels. Renewable energy already supports thousands of jobs in the United States. For example, in 2011, the wind energy industry directly employed 75,000 full-time-equivalent employees in a variety of capacities, including manufacturing, project development, construction and turbine installation, operations and maintenance, transportation and logistics, and financial, legal, and consulting services . More than 500 factories in the United States manufacture parts for wind turbines, and the amount of domestically manufactured equipment used in wind turbines has grown dramatically in recent years: from 35 percent in 2006 to 70 percent in 2011.

Other renewable energy technologies employ even more workers. In 2011, the solar industry employed approximately 100,000 people on a part-time or full-time basis, including jobs in solar installation, manufacturing, and sales; the hydroelectric power industry employed approximately 250,000 people in 2009; and in 2010 the geothermal industry employed 5,200 people. In addition to creating new jobs, increasing our use of renewable energy offers other important economic development benefits (National Hydropower Association, 2009). Local governments collect property and income taxes and other payments from renewable energy project owners. In conclusion, renewable energy projects keep money circulating within the local economy, and in most states it would reduce the need to spend money on importing coal and natural gas from other places (Benefits of Renewable Energy Use, 2013).

Since education is the key to creating a green economy in the U.S., training and education are the primary focus. Decisions taken on the use of energy sources and on the technologies to use have a major influence on opportunities for development, as well as on the wellbeing of human beings and ecosystems. Energy and environment issues cannot be dissociated with development concerns and they are linked to other physical resources like forest and agriculture, water, land, air, in fact the entire biosphere. Energy is also at the core of the climate mitigation agenda. As energy demand continues to grow, the ability to address energy issues, including energy access, efficiency, and renewable energy sources, will be paramount in enabling development and climate change priorities to be met in a mutually reinforcing way. Access to basic, clean and affordable energy services is essential for sustainable development and poverty eradication and can provide major benefits in the areas of health, non-delocalized job creation, socio economic empowerment and equity. Teaching our youth about energy issues is perhaps as important as teaching them grammar or history. As the next generation of energy users, effective education offered early can help our students choose energy sources and behaviors that will benefit everyone by creating a sustainable energy future.

Disadvantaged communities can benefit tremendously from solar energy—not only to reduce electricity bills, but to improve equality and enhance quality of life.  With limited resources and a lack of economic stability, low-income communities are more susceptible to hardship resulting from climate change and extreme weather disasters. Poor neighborhoods tend to be located near heavily polluted areas, closer to coal plants and dangerous compounds that infiltrate the air they breathe. Low-income households also pay a larger percentage of their income on their electric bill; 9.2 percent more than the average household, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. “If we desire to create a truly sustainable future, then we must not alienate some people from access to renewable resources and clean living techniques,” stresses Melissa Giorgi, Environmental Ethics Fellow at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. “If solar is to be a real contributor to a sustainable future, then innovation and investment must focus on improving equality rather than increasing divisions.”

In August of 2013, Clean Energy Collective (CEC) launched a new program to help bring clean energy to disadvantaged communities. The Community Solar Low-Income Residential Program was created through a partnership between CEC and the Housing Authority of the City and County of Denver (DHA). Through the program, CEC will donate 5% of the clean energy produced by three of its Denver County community solar arrays to families in need. The program is expected to offset the electric bills of 35 families living in DHA housing. Another organization, the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC), has been working with California stakeholders to develop a new program—CleanCARE—which piggybacks off the existing California Alternate Rates for Energy (CARE) program. CleanCARE would offer low-income utility customers a bill discount through renewable program shares, instead of the current 20% rate discount that CARE provides. “It would essentially achieve the same effect as the CARE program, while additionally creating renewable assets that have long-term value to the ratepayers who fund the program,” writes Laurel Passera, Senior Renewables Analyst for IREC attorneys Keyes, Fox & Wiedman LLP. “And perhaps most importantly, it would provide a feasible route for low-income residents to participate in renewable energy programs in ways they currently cannot” (Hois, 2014).

Media Influence

            The media has a huge influence on wireless technology and society as a result. You can find out anything at just a few clicks. You don’t have cable? But want the latest news, just type in google “recent news in San Diego” and there you have it, amber alerts being sent to your cell phone. Books are being released as E-books at a cheaper rate since they don’t have to be printed out. People are buying these e-book readers from Amazon. Online schools are now making it so they are offering their books online instead of having students pay for the hard cover books, a lot of students are taking up these options.

Netflix is even becoming convenient for most. You can download and access Netflix on your smart phones (depending on the phone model) so now, you don’t really have to pay for cable. A lot of people are using Netflix and hulu over paying around 100.00 for channels with direct TV or their local internet company. You can now locate obituaries and other newspaper publications online instead of paying to have it show up at your house in the morning. So, instead of the old times where you got the paper or your dog retrieved the paper for you in the morning, now you sit down with your cup of coffee in the morning, break open the laptop and read the news while eating breakfast before rushing off to work.

The Internet, Social networking, blogs, wiki, and virtual worlds such as Sims or Second Life, affect our day to day to life and influence us. In fact, to bring in a personal experience, if it wasn’t for a video game I would have never gone to college. Media shapes public opinion on events or other forms of wireless technology. For instance, the way the media was talking about 911 shaped the public’s opinion on 911 and personal thoughts on thinking maybe it was a government conspiracy. Advertisement’s also shape our opinion on whether or not we will buy something. If you don’t like how it’s marketed you’re not going to take a second look at it. Jeff Gordon fans started drinking Pepsi because they found out Pepsi sponsored it and Gordon started doing the commercials for this. Michelle Phan (YouTube makeup tutorial artist) fans started drinking dr. pepper after seeing her in the dr. pepper commercials that were released within the past 6 months (Curtis, 2012).

As a result, there have been some inventions created in regards to the usage of wireless electricity. Cordless phones allow people to walk around the house or outside to check the mail, preventing them from having to sit in one spot on the phone. Providing they have a house phone in today’s world. Most people who have a house phone will opt for a cordless phone, the drawback to this is the battery’s die and they would have to put it on the charger to prevent it from going dead.

Wireless internet was invented. This allows people to use a wireless connection which can be beneficial when you’re at McDonalds, McDonalds has a Wi-Fi hot spot allowing customers to connect their laptops or cell phone to the internet while eating in the restaurant or awaiting service at the drive through. Smart phones can even turn into a Wi-Fi spot for you so you can connect to the internet by using a cell phone now. Wireless electricity uses magnetic fields to create the electricity. Electric cars have also been invented. This is electricity on wheels.

Wireless keyboards and wireless mouse for computers have also been created. Allowing people to either change the batteries as needed or to charge them when needed depending on the kind you buy. Though some people do still prefer wired, the technology is there (Physics).

President Obama is looking to make high speed wireless services available to at least 98% of Americans. He says this will allow more Americans to learn, work, and play regardless of their location. They are also looking to offer more airwaves for enhanced smartphones and other wireless services within the next 10 years.  Another law is currently in the wires to attempt to pass that offers a design and deployment of a nationwide wireless public safety network. This service will allow first responders whether it is firemen, police officers, or Emergency Medical Technicians to share data and work across jurisdictions to any emergency, be it man made or natural disasters.  They promise to have a funding of $10 billion to be able to provide this as a deficit reduction. This funding would help with security, reliability and other critical features to help provide these services to the people and other emergency services.

Among the other changes made by the Obama Administration that have been mentioned, they have expanded broadband access nationwide, improved high-speed capacity in areas that otherwise would not have them, such as rural areas and public computer centers, and raised internet capacity in schools, libraries, public safety offices, as well as other community buildings. This makes some things like research or getting the information needed more efficient.

The power grid is an electric system that’s essential to America’s ability to lead the world and create jobs in the clean-energy economy. In June 2011, Initiatives and a policy that got released empowered consumers with tools to be able to manage the electricity as well as cut costs of their electric bills, improve the reliability of the electric grid, and help utilities to be able to recover faster from natural disasters. Consumer products and services are now helping American’s to save money on their electric bills. Thermostats that can be controlled from a smart phone is one of them and then you also have the websites that show how much energy a house is using. This helps you to cut down on your electric costs (Obama, 2011).

Environmental Impacts

            Due to the usage of wireless electricity, the environment has been impacted.  We have new ways to communicate. These include Cell phones, Internet, emails, social networking sites, among some other choices. You may read newspapers on PDA devices, PDA meaning personal digital assistant. With this, people do not have to pay to get the paper to their home anymore, so it is less money spent on the individual users.

Wireless teleconferencing has been placed into effect as well. They use it for businesses instead of business travel; doctors use it to teleconference with patients who can’t travel to them.  There have been studies that show that wireless technologies lower the environmental impacts. Wireless LAN uses approximately 10% of the energy that wired LAN uses. LAN is Local area networks.

Reading news on PDA’s, Kindles, or even just the internet is beneficial because less trees are being cut providing us with a lesser environmental impact, the ability to regrow the trees we have lost, as well as less production cost. A video conference requires less energy than travelling by car, bus, or train when going on a business trip. Businesses have found the video conference to be better for the environment (Toffel & Horvath, 2004).

Moral Obligations

Biomechanical engineering also has something to do with Wireless technology. Translational medical engineering has been getting worked on for many years. A wide range of fields will benefit from this, Electrical, Aerospace, civil, mechanical, chemical engineering, physics, science, and chemistry. Students who have strong skills in the areas of physics, math, and engineering backgrounds have a strong moral obligation to use this and apply it to the biomechanical engineering in regards of the discovery of future wireless technology and electricity. It was students in the Biomechanical engineering field that invented the wireless ECG devices used to test that of a Zebra Fish heart to figure out why this fish regenerates its heart from 20% to 100% damage (California Institute of Technology, 2014).

Ethical Obligations

The community’s obligations in regards of wireless technology and electricity is to provide students the tools necessary to take full advantage of the new technologies and the learning opportunities that came with it. This would help further students’ knowledge at a young age so they can take full part in the Knowledge revolution we are currently in. The children today will be affected more than the rest of us who were not born into this revolution. It is up to the community to teach these children and give these children the tools necessary. (The Foundation for New Education initiatives, Inc., 2012)

CALEA is an act that got put into place on October 25, 1994. This act requires a “telecommunications carrier” to make sure that equipment, facilities, or services that allow a customer or subscriber to “originate, terminate, or direct communications” enable law enforcement to conduct electronic surveillance with a court order or law enforcement authorization, such as a warrant. Voice over IP (VOIP) was informed they had to come into compliance with this act in May 2007. This basically allows phone lines to be tapped. (Commission, 2013)

Wireless electricity will change the world by freeing humanity from the fears of fuel shortages and cause connectivity between diverse societies. Powerhouses like the Middle East will now be on equal terms with the nations who purchased oil from them. The amount of money saved could be used toward more needed projects such as education improvement, and new jobs opportunities.

Conclusion

Wireless Electricity is important because it will help the environment and the science and medical fields as it progresses. This means less damage done to the earth. It could even help end a lot of the environmental problems we currently are experiencing and allow the regrowth of trees and plants cut down for paper, newspapers, books. People would not have to pay as much for books, newspapers, and magazines because the production cost would go down. This is extremely important for helping to fix the economy and current environmental impacts we are currently seeing. The environment could very well be healed with this technology.

Wireless transmissions are rapidly growing. It will only get better in the end, newer inventions will be created, and current inventions will progress as technology and wireless electricity grow. People will learn how things work better, more job fields will open up. This will only help to progress wireless electricity while it is helping the environment.

Wireless technology will continue to advance. As wireless electricity advances we will figure out a way to use this to benefit us and the environment we live in. Businesses will be able to move further in their business ventures. In history, we have worked on a way to progress our technology. This has led us to where we are now. In the present day we will continue to work on a way to enhance our wireless electricity and technology.

 

References

 

Conserve Energy Future. (2014). Advantages of solar energy. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from: http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_SolarEnergy.php.

Aeaweb.org. 2014. Aeaweb: what is economics?. American Economic Association. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from: http://www.aeaweb.org/students/WhatIsEconomics.php.

Bhatti, S., & Mohiuddin, W. (2014). Dance of wireless triggered lights – the cell phone technology. University of California Course MAT200A Final Project Proposal. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/…/wireless/cell_technology.htm.

California Institute of Technology. (2014). Medical engineering. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from: http://eas.caltech.edu/engenious/ten/eas_feature

CEA. (n.d.). Wireless power. Consumer Electronics Association. Retrieved April 13, 2014 from: https://www.ce.org/Consumer-Info/Wireless-Computing/Got-It/Digital-Tips-First-Look-Wireless-Power.aspx

Commission, F. C. (2013, January 8). Communications assistance law enforcement act. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from: http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/communications-assistance-law-enforcement-act

Critical Friends of Technology. (2003, August). A social ecology of wireless technology. First Monday. 8(8). Retrieved April 13, 2014 from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1069/989.

Curtis, D. A. (2012). Media & Society. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from: http://www2.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/Courses/ResourcesForCourses/Media&Society/MassMediaInfluenceOnSociety.html

Eia.gov. 2014. EIA energy kids – electricity. Energy Kids – U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from: http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=electricity_home-basics.

Fildes, J. (2009, July). Wireless power system shown off. BBC News. Retrieved April 13, 2014 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8165928.stm.

Gharui, S., Gyha, W., Chakrabarty, B., & Islam, S. (2012). Wireless switch for saving electricity. International Journal of Advance Computer Research, 2(4), 405-409.

Giler, E. (2009, July). Eric giler: A demo of wireless electricity [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/eric_giler_demos_wireless_electricity.

Halawen, M. (2013). Emerging technology; what is it?. Journal of Technology, Management, & Innovation. 8 (3), 108-115.

Hickey, H. (2011, July 12). Wireless power could cut cord for patients with implanted heart pumps. University of Washington. Retrieved April 13, 2014 from: http://www.washington.edu/news/2011/07/12/wireless-power-could-cut-cord-for-patients-with-implanted-heart-pumps/.

Hois, E. (2014, 4 13). Community Solar Can Empower Low-Income Neighborhoods. Retrieved from Clean Energy Collective: http://easycleanenergy.com/cecblog/index.php/community-solar-can-empower-low-income-neighborhoods/

Imura, T., & Hori, Y. (2011). Maximizing air gap and efficiency of magnetic resonant coupling for wireless power transfer using equivalent circuit and neumann formula. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, 58(10), 4746-4752. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2112317

Imura, T., Okabe, H., & Hori, Y. (2009, September). Basic experimental study on helical antennas of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles by using magnetic resonant couplings. In Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2009. VPPC’09. IEEE (pp. 936-940). IEEE.

Institute of Physics . (n.d.). Cutting the cord – wireless electricity. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from: www.physics.org/featuredetail.asp?id=40.

National Hydropower Association. (2009, September 20). Job Creation Opportunities in Hydropower. Retrieved from http://www.hydro.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/NHA_JobsStudy_FinalReport.pdf.

Joskow, Paul L. 2012. Creating a smarter u.s. electricity grid.  Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(1): 29-48.

Katz, R. 2012. Impact of Broadband on the Economy. International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from:  https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/broadband/ITU-BB-Reports_Impact-of-Broadband-on-the-Economy.pdf.

Kaur, S. (2012). How is wireless power transmission going to affect our lives?. IETE Technical Review (Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd.), 29(4), 259-264. doi:10.4103/0256-4602.101305

Kirkpatrick, K. (2014). World without wires. Communications of the ACM, 57(3), 15-17. doi:10.1145/2567650

Kurs, A., Karalis, A., Moffatt, R., Joannopoulos, J., Fisher, P., & Soljacic, M. (2007). Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science Magazine, 317, 83-86.

Laposky, J. (2014). Wireless-Charging Landscape Flattens. TWICE: This Week in Consumer Electronics, 29(4), 32.

Lee, D. S., & Lin, C. R. (2014, March 14). A Wireless Sensor enabled by Wireless Power. Sensors, 16116-16143.

Montcalm, E. (2003). How to avoid ethical and legal issues in wireless network discovery. SANS Institute InfoSec Reading Room. Retrieved April 13, 2014 from: https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/wireless/avoid-ethical-legal-issues-wireless-network-discovery-176.

Nansen, R. (1995). Sun Power: The Global Solution for the Coming Energy Crisis. Seattle, WA: Ocean Press.

Navarro, R. (2007, May). Command College Class. Retrieved from libcat: http://libcat.post.ca.gov/dbtw-wpd/documents/cc/40-navarro.pdf

Obama, B. (2011, September 16). Technology. The White House. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/technology

Oregon Metro. (2010, August). Metro has compiles many facts related to waste reduction and recycling, which are organized by theme. Oregon Metro Gov. Retrieved April 18, 2014,  from: http://oregongreenschools.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Recycling-Facts.pdf.

Pawade, S., Nimje, T. and Diwase, D. 2012. Goodbye wires: approach to wireless power transmission. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from: http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue4/IJETAE_0412_67.pdf.

Physics, I. o. (n.d.). Wireless Electricity. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from Physics: http://www.physics.org/featuredetail.asp?id=40

PR, N. (2013, November 21). Alliance for Wireless Power Achieves Major Milestone in Global Product Certification. PR Newswire US.

Huijts, N., Molin, E., & Steg, L. (2011). Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework. ELSEVIER, 16(1) 525-531.

Reddy, M., Hemanth, K., & Mohan, CH. (2013). Microwave power transmission – a next generation power transmission system. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), 4(5), 24-28.

Sahoo, P. (2014). Seminar report on wireless electricity (witricity). Academia.edu. Retrieved April 5, 2014, from: www.academia.edu/1807442/A_Seminar_Reportom_Wireless_Electricity_Witricity.

States Advancing Solar. (2014). Benefits of Solar. States Advancing Solar – An Initiative of Clean Energy Group. Retrieved from: http://www.statesadvancingsolar.org/solar-101/benefits-of-solar.

Summerer, L., & Purcell, O. (2009) Concepts for wireless energy transmission via laser. Europeans Space Agency (ESA) – Advanced Concepts Team.

The Foundation for New Education Initiatives. (2012, April 20). Bring wireless technologyto the classroom. The Foundation for New Education Initiatives. Retrieved from: http://www.giveourstudentstheworld.org/pdf/news/2012/wireless_tech_fundraising.pdf

Toffel, M., & Horvath, A. (2004, March 18). Environmental Implications of Wireless Technologies: News Delivery and Business Meetings. Responsible Business. Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://responsiblebusiness.haas.berkeley.edu/documents/wireless_asap.pdf

TMCnet. (2014, April 23). Election2012. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from Politics and Technology: http://election2012.tmcnet.com/Default.aspx

Yeatman, W. (2012). EPA’s new regulatory front: Regional haze and the takeover of state programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of Commerce.